Tuesday, 17 September 2013

MAY I HELP YOU

Pee power! Scientists develop novel method to charge mobile phones using human urine

Pee power! In a world first, UK scientists claim to have developed a novel method to charge mobile phones - using human urine.

Scientists working at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory have described the "breakthrough" finding of charging cell phones using urine as the power source to generate electricity.

"We are very excited as this is a world first, no-one has harnessed power from urine to do this so it's an exciting discovery. Using the ultimate waste product as a source of power to produce electricity is about as eco as it gets," Dr Ioannis Ieropoulos from University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, an expert at harnessing power from unusual sources using microbial fuel cells, said.

"One product that we can be sure of an unending supply is our own urine. By harnessing this power as urine passes through a cascade of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), we have managed to charge a mobile phone. The beauty of this fuel source is that we are not relying on the erratic nature of the wind or the Sun, we are actually re-using waste to create energy," said Ieropoulos.

He said so far the microbial fuel power stack that scientists have developed generates enough power to enable SMS messaging, web browsing and to make a brief phone call.

"Making a call on a mobile phone takes up the most energy but we will get to the place where we can charge a battery for longer periods. The concept has been tested and it works - it's now for us to develop and refine the process so that we can develop MFCs to fully charge a battery," he said.

The Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is an energy converter, which turns organic matter directly into electricity, via the metabolism of live microorganisms, researchers said.

Essentially, the electricity is a by-product of the microbes' natural life cycle, so the more they eat things like urine, the more energy they generate and for longer periods of time; so it's beneficial to keep doing it, they said.

The electricity output from MFCs is relatively small and so far we have only been able to store and accumulate these low levels of energy into capacitors or super-capacitors, for short charge/discharge cycles.

This is the first time we have been able to directly charge the battery of a device such as a mobile phone and it is indeed a breakthrough, researchers said.

Scientists believe that the technology has the future potential to be installed into domestic bathrooms to harness the urine and produce sufficient electricity to power showers, lighting or razors as well as mobile phones.

The study was reported in the Royal Society of, 'Chemistry Journal of Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics'.

Monday, 16 September 2013

APPLE IPHONE 5C 8 MEGAPIXEL- FULL-RESOLUTION PHOTO

Microsoft swallows Nokia's phone business for $7.2 billion

(Reuters) - Microsoft Corp will buy Nokia's phone business and license its patents for 5.44 billion euros ($7.2 billion), a bold foray into mobile devices that also brings potential chief executive contender Stephen Elop back into the fold.
Two years after hitching its fate to Microsoft's Windows Phone software, the Finnish phone maker that once dominated the global market collapsed into the arms of the U.S. software giant, its mobile business ravaged by nimbler rivals Apple Inc and Samsung Electronics.
Shares in Microsoft slid as much as 6 percent in the afternoon, lopping more than $15 billion off the company's market value, as investors protested the acquisition of an underperforming and marginalized corporation that lost more than $4 billion in 2012.
Retiring CEO Steve Ballmer is trying to remake Microsoft into a gadget and services company like Apple, a move that has not won the endorsement of all shareholders.
Nokia CEO Elop, who ran Microsoft's business software division before jumping ship in 2010, will return to the U.S. firm to head up its mobile devices business just as the company's board considers a successor to Ballmer, who announced last week he will retire within a year.
Elop, who presided over Nokia's market share collapse and a shriveling share price during his three years at the helm, is being discussed as a potential replacement because he remains respected and is considered one of the few who can fully grasp Microsoft's sprawling empire.
But disgruntled Finnish media labeled him a Trojan horse who handed over the keys to one of the few remaining European technology powers. Nokia, whose market value topped $200 billion over a decade ago, will now concentrate on its networking equipment unit, navigation business and technology patents.
The Nokia deal thrusts Microsoft deeper into the hotly contested mobile phone market, despite some investors urging it to stick to its core strengths of business software and services. Activist fund manager ValueAct Capital Management, which has been offered a board seat, is among those concerned with Ballmer's leadership and his attempts to plough headlong into the lower-margin, highly competitive mobile devices arena.
"Adding to the cost structure when shareholders may be looking for steps in the other direction is not likely to be well received...," said Nomura analyst Rick Sherlund. "Perhaps a decision to repurchase stock and up the dividend would be a good idea right about now."
Others applauded Ballmer's aggressive gambit.
"Microsoft cannot walk away from smartphones, and the hope that other vendors will support Windows Phone is fading fast. So buying Nokia comes at the right time," said Carolina Milanesi, an analyst at Gartner.
"In today's market it is clear that a vertical integration is the way forward for a company to succeed. How else could Microsoft achieve this?"
As part of Microsoft, Elop will head an expanded Devices unit. Julie Larson-Green, who in July was promoted to head a new Devices and Studios business in Ballmer's reorganisation, will report to Elop when the deal is closed.
CRUNCH TIME
It is a pivotal moment for Microsoft, which still has huge revenues from its Windows operating system, Office suite of business software and Xbox game console, but has failed so far to set up a profitable mobile device business.
Microsoft's own mobile gadget, the Surface tablet, has sold tepidly since it was launched last year.
"We think we have made excellent, excellent progress with the partnership and yet we also know we have a long way go and felt on balance that together this is the best approach for both companies' shareholders," Ballmer told Wall Street analysts in a conference call to explain the deal early on Tuesday.
Microsoft said it would make more than $40 profit on each smartphone it sells once it owns the Nokia business, as opposed to less than $10 now, due to development and marketing costs it pays to Nokia.
However, it said the business would not be fully profitable until fiscal year 2016, and needs to sell more than 50 million smartphones a year to break even. Last quarter, Nokia sold 7.4 million smartphones.
The deal leaves the Finnish company with Nokia Solutions and Networks, which competes with the likes of Ericsson and Huawei in telecoms equipment, as well as a navigation business and a broad portfolio of patents.
In 2011, after writing a memo that said Nokia lacked the in-house technology and needed to jump off a "burning platform", Elop made the controversial decision to use Microsoft's Windows Phone for smartphones, rather than Nokia's own software or Google Inc's ubiquitous Android operating system.
Nokia, which had 40 percent of the handset market in 2007, now has just 15 percent, and only 3 percent in smartphones.
Shares in Nokia surged 34 percent to close at 3.97 euros by late Tuesday. While up from their decade-low of 1.33 euros hit last year, they are still only a fraction of their 2000 peak of 65 euros.
After today's gains the whole company is worth about 15 billion euros, a far cry from its glory days when it reached over 200 billion euros.
Tuesday's deal includes an agreement to license Nokia's patent portfolio for 10 years. Without it, Nokia's devices and services business would have been worth about 3.7 billion euros, the companies said.
"It's very clear to me that rationally this is the right step going forward," Elop told reporters, though he added he also felt "a great deal of sadness" over the outcome. "I feel sadness because inevitably we are changing Nokia and what it stands for."
SOLD FOR "PEANUTS"
While some investors credit Elop for bringing urgency to Nokia, which has stepped up its pace of product development in recent months and is due to announce a "phablet" large-screen handset this month, his legacy will be a bitter one for Finland. The company, which began life as a paper mill and has sold an eclectic range of products from television sets to rubber boots in its 148-year history, was a national champion in its heyday, accounting for 16 percent of all exports.
Hired by former chairman Jorma Ollila, Elop was Nokia's first foreign CEO.
For many Finns, the fact that a former Microsoft executive had come to Nokia, bet the firm's future on an alliance with Microsoft, laid off about 40,000 worldwide and then delivered it into the software giant's hands, was a galling snub to national pride.
"Jorma Ollila brought a Trojan horse to Nokia," a column in widely read tabloid Ilta-Sanoma said.
"As a Finnish person, I cannot like this deal. It ends one chapter in this Nokia story," said Juha Varis, Danske Capital's senior portfolio manager, whose fund owns Nokia shares. "On the other hand, it was maybe the last opportunity to sell it."
Varis was one of many investors critical of Elop's decision to bet Nokia's future in smartphones on Microsoft's Windows Phone software, which was praised by tech reviewers but hasn't found the momentum to challenge the market leaders.
"So this is the outcome: the whole business for 5 billion euros. That's peanuts compared to its history," he said.
Alexander Stubb, Finland's Minister for European Affairs and Foreign Trade, said on his Twitter account: "For a lot of us Finns, including myself, Nokia phones are part of what we grew up with. Many first reactions to the deal will be emotional."
Nokia's new interim CEO Risto Siilasmaa painted a picture of just how grudgingly the call to sell had been arrived at, describing how the board had met almost 50 times after the approach by Microsoft around February.
Ballmer, at a news conference in the Finnish capital, sought to assuage fears the deal would hit jobs in the Nordic country and said Microsoft would build on the recent growth of Nokia's flagship Lumia smartphones.
Nokia said it expected around 32,000 people of its roughly 90,000 staff to transfer to Microsoft, including about 4,700 who will transfer in Finland.
FIRE SALE
Analyst Tero Kuittinen at consultancy Alekstra said the sale price of Nokia's phone business, about a quarter of its sales last year, represented a "fire sale level." Others were less clear about what a shrunken Nokia was worth.
The price agreed for the devices and services business gives it an enterprise value of about 0.33 times sales for a loss-making business, about half what Google paid for Motorola's handset business in 2012.
"What should be paid for a declining business, where market share has been constantly lost and profitability has been poor?" said Hannu Rauhala, analyst at Pohjola Bank. "It is difficult to say if it's cheap or expensive."
Nokia remains the world's No. 2 mobile phone maker behind Samsung, but it is not in the top five in the more lucrative and faster-growing smartphone market.
Sales of Nokia's Lumia phones have helped the market share of Windows Phones in the global market climb to 3.3 percent, according to consultancy Gartner, overtaking ailing BlackBerry Ltd for the first time this year. Still, Google's Android and Apple's iOS make up 90 percent of the market.
Credit default swap spreads on Nokia tightened by more than 30 basis points to around 200 basis points after the news, meaning it now costs $200,000 to insure $10 million worth of Nokia debt, which is rated junk due to worries about its shrinking cash position and market share.
Nokia said it expected that senior executives Jo Harlow, Juha Putkiranta, Timo Toikkanen, and Chris Weber would transfer to Microsoft when the deal is concluded, probably in the first quarter of 2014.
Goldman Sachs acted as financial advisor to Microsoft, while JP Morgan advised Nokia, according to people close to the deal. Law firm Simpson Thacher represented Microsoft, while Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom represented Nokia, they said.
($1 = 0.7582 euros)
(Additional reporting by Terhi Kinnunen, Jussi Rosendahl and Niklas Pollard; Editing by Peter Graff, Will Waterman and Tim Dobbyn)

OMAP PROCESSOR

OMAP (Open Multimedia Applications Platform) is a series of image/video processors developed by Texas Instruments. They are a category of proprietary system on chips (SoCs) for portable and mobile multimedia applications. OMAP devices generally include a general-purpose ARM architecture processor core plus one or more specialized co-processors. Earlier OMAP variants commonly featured a variant of the Texas Instruments TMS320 series digital signal processor.
On September 26, 2012, Texas Instruments announced that they would wind down their operations in smartphone and tablet oriented OMAP chips and instead focus on embedded platforms. The fate of OMAP therefore remains uncertain. On November 14, 2012, Texas Instruments announced that they would cut 1,700 jobs due to its shift from mobile to embedded platforms.

OMAP family

The Galaxy Nexus, example of a smartphone with an OMAP 4460 SoC

The OMAP family consists of three product groups classified by performance and intended application:

High-performance applications processors
Basic multimedia applications processors
Integrated modem and applications processors

Further, two main distribution channels exist, and not all parts are available in both channels. The genesis of the OMAP product line is from partnership with cell phone vendors, and the main distribution channel involves sales directly to such wireless handset vendors. Parts developed to suit evolving cell phone requirements are flexible and powerful enough to support sales through less specialized catalog channels; some OMAP 1 parts, and many OMAP 3 parts, have catalog versions with different sales and support models. Parts that are obsolete from the perspective of handset vendors may still be needed to support products developed using catalog parts and distributor-based inventory management.
Recently, the catalog channels have received more focus, with OMAP35x and OMAP-L13x parts being marketed for use with various applications where capable and power-efficient processors are useful.

High-performance applications processors

These are parts originally intended for use as application processors in smartphones, with processors powerful enough to run significant operating systems (such as Linux, Android or Symbian), support connectivity to personal computers, and support various audio and video applications.

OMAP 1

The OMAP 1 family started with a TI-enhanced ARM core, and then changed to a standard ARM926 core. It included many variants, most easily distinguished according to manufacturing technology (130 nm except for the OMAP171x series), CPU, peripheral set, and distribution channel (direct to large handset vendors, or through catalog-based distributors). In March 2009, the OMAP1710 family chips are still available to handset vendors.
Products using OMAP 1 processors include hundreds of cell phone models, and the Nokia 770 Internet tablets.

OMAP171x - 220 MHz ARM926EJ-S + C55x DSP, low-voltage 90 nm technology
OMAP162x - 204 MHz ARM926EJ-S + C55x DSP + 2 MB internal SRAM, 130 nm technology
OMAP5912 - catalog availability version of OMAP1621 (or OMAP1611b in older versions)
OMAP161x - 204 MHz ARM926EJ-S + C55x DSP, 130 nm technology
OMAP1510 - 168 MHz ARM925T (TI-enhanced) + C55x DSP
OMAP5910 - catalog availability version of OMAP 1510

OMAP 2

These parts were only marketed to handset vendors. Products using these include both Internet tablets and mobile phones:

OMAP2431 - 330 MHz ARM1136 + 220 MHz C64x DSP
OMAP2430 - 330 MHz ARM1136 + 220 MHz C64x DSP + PowerVR MBX lite GPU
OMAP2420 - 330 MHz ARM1136 + 220 MHz C55x DSP + PowerVR MBX GPU

OMAP 3

The 3rd generation OMAP, the OMAP 3 is broken into 3 distinct groups: the OMAP34x, the OMAP35x, and the OMAP36x. OMAP34x and OMAP36x are distributed directly to large handset (such as cell phone) manufacturers. OMAP35x is a variant of OMAP34x intended for catalog distribution channels. The OMAP36x is a 45 nm version of the 65 nm OMAP34x with higher clock speed.
The video technology in the higher end OMAP 3 parts is derived in part from the DaVinci product line, which first packaged higher end C64x+ DSPs and image processing controllers with ARM9 processors last seen in the older OMAP 1 generation or ARM Cortex-A8.
Not highlighted in the list below is that each OMAP 3 SoC has an "Image, Video, Audio" (IVA2) accelerator. These units do not all have the same capabilities. Most devices support 12 megapixel camera images, though some support 5 or 3 megapixels. Some support HD imaging.

Model number	Semiconductor technology	CPU instruction set	CPU	GPU	Utilizing devices
OMAP3410	65 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	Motorola Charm, Motorola Flipside (720 MHz),^[6] Motorola Flipout
OMAP3420	65 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530
OMAP3430	65 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	Motorola Droid/Milestone, Nokia N900, Palm Pre, Samsung i8910, Sony Ericsson Satio
OMAP3440	65 nm	ARMv7	800 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	Archos 5 (Gen 7), Motorola Milestone XT720, Motorola Titanium XT800,^{[citation needed]} Samsung Galaxy A (SHW-M100S),^{[citation needed]} Samsung i7680
OMAP3503	65 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	N/A	Gumstix Overo Earth
OMAP3515	65 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530
OMAP3525	65 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	N/A
OMAP3530	65 nm	ARMv7	720 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	Alico's Kinetic 3500 Always Innovating Touch Book, BeagleBoard, Embest DevKit8000, Gumstix Overo Water, IGEPv2, OpenSourceMID K7 MID, Oswald,^{[citation needed]} Overo Water,^{[citation needed]} Open Pandora, phyCARD-L OMAP-3530 SOM,TianyeIT CIP312
OMAP3611	45 nm	ARMv7	800 MHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	Cybook Odyssey^{[citation needed]}
OMAP3621; OMAP3622	45 nm	ARMv7	ARM Cortex-A8; 3621: 800 MHz, 3622: 1 GHz	PowerVR SGX530	Barnes & Noble Nook Color, Barnes & Noble Nook Simple Touch, Lenovo IdeaPad A1, Motorola Defy, Motorola Defy Plus
OMAP3630	45 nm	ARMv7	600 MHz~1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	3630-600: Motorola MOTOACTV 3630-800: Motorola Bravo,^{[citation needed]} Motorola Def^] 3630-1000: Archos 28, Archos 32, Archos 43, Archos 70, Archos 101, LG Optimus Black, LG Optimus Bright, LG Optimus Mach^[14]^{[citation needed]}, Motorola Cliq 2, Motorola Droid 2 R2D2 Special Edition, Motorola Droid X, Motorola Defy+, Nokia N9, Nokia N950, Palm Pre 2, Panasonic P-07C, Panasonic Sweety 003P,^{[citation needed]} Samsung Galaxy SL I9003, Sony Ericsson Vivaz, Lenovo A1-07^{[citation needed]} Samsung Galaxy Player 4.2 (YP-GI1)^{[citation needed]},Le Pan TC970
OMAP3640	45 nm	ARMv7	1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A8	PowerVR SGX530	Motorola Droid 2 Global

OMAP 4

The 4th generation OMAPs, OMAP 4430, 4460 (formerly named 4440), and 4470 all use a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU, with the 4470 adding two ARM Cortex-M3 cores for off-loading low-level tasks.^[16]^[17]^[18] The 4430 and 4460 use a PowerVR SGX540 integrated 3D graphics accelerator, running at a clock frequency of 304 and 384 MHz respectively. 4470 has a PowerVR SGX544 GPU that supports DirectX 9 which enables it for use in Windows 8 as well as a dedicated 2D graphics core for increased power efficiency up to 50-90%%. All OMAP 4 come with an IVA3 multimedia hardware accelerator with a programmable DSP that enables 1080p Full HD and multi-standard video encode/decode.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] OMAP 4 uses ARM Cortex-A9's with ARM's SIMD engine (Media Processing Engine, aka NEON) which may have a significant performance advantage in some cases over Nvidia Tegra 2's ARM Cortex-A9s with non-vector floating point units. It also uses a dual-channel LPDDR2 memory controller compared to Nvidia Tegra 2's single-channel memory controller.

Model number	Semiconductor technology	CPU instruction set	CPU	GPU	Memory technology	Availability	Devices
OMAP4430	45 nm	ARMv7	1-1.2 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9	PowerVR SGX540 @ 304-365 MHz	32-bit dual-channel LPDDR2	Q1 2011	Japanese Market:Fujitsu Arrows Tab LTE F-01D, Fujitsu Arrows X LTE F-05D, Fujitsu Arrows Z ISW11F, Panasonic Lumix Phone 101P, Panasonic Lumix Phone P-02D, Fujitsu Regza Phone T-01D, Sharp Aquos Phone SH-01D, Sharp Aquos Phone 102SH, Toshiba AT200 Excite^{[citation needed]} Global market: BlackBerry PlayBook,^[27] Panasonic Eluga DL1, LG Prada 3.0, LG Optimus 3D P920, LG Optimus 3D Max, LG Optimus L9, Motorola Atrix 2, Motorola Droid 3/Milestone 3, Motorola Droid Bionic, Motorola Droid RAZR,^[28] Motorola Xyboard, PandaBoard, phyCORE-OMAP4460/OMAP4430 SOM,^[29] Samsung Galaxy S II (GT-I9100G), Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (7.0), Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (10.1), TianyeIT CIP411,^[30] LGP925 Thrill AT&T, Amazon Kindle Fire, Archos 80 (Gen 9), Archos 101 (Gen 9), Barnes and Noble Nook Tablet, Archos 80 Turbo (Gen 9) 1.0/1.2 GHz, Archos 101 Turbo (Gen 9) 1.0/1.2 GHz, SmartDevices SmartQ Ten3 (T15),^[31] Google Glass^[32]
OMAP4460	45 nm	ARMv7	1.2-1.5 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9	PowerVR SGX540 @ 307-384 MHz	32-bit dual-channel LPDDR2	Q4 2011	Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Archos 80 Turbo (Gen 9) 1.5 GHz & 1.2 GHz, Archos 101 Turbo (Gen 9) 1.5 GHz & 1.2 GHz, Huawei Ascend D1,^[33] Huawei Ascend P1/P1S,^[34] Pandaboard ES,^[35] Sharp Aquos Phone 104SH, Variscite VAR-SOM-OM44,^[36] Nexus Q,^[37] BlackBerry Playbook 4G LTE, Kindle Fire HD 7", BlackBerry Dev Alpha
OMAP4470	45 nm	ARMv7	1.3-1.5 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 (and two 266 MHz ARM Cortex-M3 microcontrollers)	PowerVR SGX544 @ 277-384 MHz + Vivante GC320 (dedicated 2D graphics core)	32-bit dual-channel 466 MHz LPDDR2 (7.4 GB/sec)	Q2 2012	ARCHOS 101XS, ARCHOS TV Connect, SmartDevices T30, Kindle Fire HD 8.9", Kobo Arc, Nook HD/HD+, BlackBerry Dev Alpha B, Samsung Galaxy Premier, Blackberry Z10 (International Market), SmartQ X7, ARCHOS 97XS, Nook HD

OMAP 5

The 5th generation OMAP, OMAP 5 SoC uses a dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 CPU with two additional Cortex-M4 cores to offload the A15s in less computationally intensive tasks to increase power efficiency, two PowerVR SGX544MP graphics cores and a dedicated TI 2D BitBlt graphics accelerator, a multi-pipe display sub-system and a signal processor. They respectively support 24 and 20 megapixel cameras for front and rear 3D HD video recording. The chip also supports up to 8 GB of dual channel LPDDR2/DDR3 memory, output to four HD 3D displays and 3D HDMI 1.4 video output. OMAP 5 also includes three USB 2.0 ports, one USB 3.0 OTG port and a SATA 2.0 controller.

Model number	Semiconductor technology	CPU instruction set	CPU	GPU	Memory technology	Availability	Utilizing devices
OMAP5430	28 nm	ARMv7	1.5, 1.7 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 (and two Cortex-M4 microcontrollers)	PowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated TI 2D BitBlt graphics accelerator	32-bit dual-channel 532 MHz LPDDR2 (8.5 GB/sec)	Q2 2013	Jorjin APM-5
OMAP5432	28 nm	ARMv7	1.5, 1.7 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 (and two Cortex-M4 microcontrollers)	PowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated TI 2D BitBlt graphics accelerator	32-bit dual-channel 532 MHz DDR3 (8.5 GB/sec)	Q2 2013	Variscite VAR-SOM-OM54 SOM, SVTronics UEVM5432G-02-12-00 Development Board^[44]

Basic multimedia applications processors

These are marketed only to handset manufacturers. They are intended to be highly integrated, low cost chips for consumer products. The OMAP-DM series are intended to be used as digital media coprocessors for mobile devices with high megapixel digital still and video cameras.
The Image Signal Processor (ISP) is used to accelerate processing of camera images.

OMAP331 - ARM9
OMAP310 - ARM9
OMAP-DM270 - ARM7 + C54x DSP
OMAP-DM299 - ARM7 + Image Signal Processor (ISP) + stacked mDDR SDRAM
OMAP-DM500 - ARM7 + ISP + stacked mDDR SDRAM
OMAP-DM510 - ARM926 + ISP + 128 MB stacked mDDR SDRAM
OMAP-DM515 - ARM926 + ISP + 256 MB stacked mDDR SDRAM
OMAP-DM525 - ARM926 + ISP + 256 MB stacked mDDR SDRAM

Integrated modem and applications processors

An OMAP 850 in an HTC Wizard

These are marketed only to handset manufacturers. Many of the newer versions are highly integrated for use in very low cost cell phones.

OMAPV1035 - single-chip EDGE (was discontinued in 2009 as TI announced baseband chipset market withdrawal).
OMAPV1030 - EDGE digital baseband
OMAP850 - 200 MHz ARM926EJ-S + GSM/GPRS digital baseband + stacked EDGE co-processor
OMAP750 - 200 MHz ARM926EJ-S + GSM/GPRS digital baseband + DDR Memory support
OMAP733 - 200 MHz ARM926EJ-S + GSM/GPRS digital baseband + stacked SDRAM
OMAP730 - 200 MHz ARM926EJ-S + GSM/GPRS digital baseband + SDRAM Memory support
OMAP710 - 133 MHz ARM925 + GSM/GPRS digital baseband

OMAP L-1x

The OMAP L-1x parts are marketed only through catalog channels, and have a different technological heritage than the other OMAP parts. Rather than deriving directly from cell phone product lines, they grew from the video-oriented DaVinci product line by removing the video-specific features while using upgraded DaVinci peripherals. A notable feature is use of a floating point DSP, instead of the more customary fixed point one.
The Hawkboard uses the OMAP-L138

OMAP-L137 - 300 MHz ARM926EJ-S + C674x floating point DSP
OMAP-L138 - 300 MHz ARM926EJ-S + C674x floating point DSP

Products using OMAP processors

Many mobile phones use OMAP SoCs, including the Nokia N9, N90, N91, N92, N95, N82, E61, E62, E63 and E90 mobile phones, as well as the N800, N810 and N900 Internet tablets, Motorola Droid, Droid X, and Droid 2. The Palm Pre, Pandora, Touch Book also use an OMAP SoC (the OMAP3430). Others to use an OMAP SoC include Sony Ericsson's Satio and Vivaz, the Samsung Omnia HD, Sony Ericsson Idou, the Nook Color, some Archos tablets (such as Archos 80 gen 9 and Archos 101 gen 9), Kindle Fire HD, Blackberry Playbook, Kobo Arc, and B&N Nook HD. Also, there are all-in-one smart displays using OMAP 4 SoCs, such as the Viewsonic VSD220 (OMAP 4430).
OMAP SoCs are also used as the basis for a number of hobbyist and prototyping boards, such as the BeagleBoard, PandaBoard and Gumstix.

Similar platforms

Friday, 2 August 2013

The Nokia story

Always adapting

Over the past 150 years, Nokia has evolved from a riverside paper mill in south-western Finland to a global telecommunications leader connecting over 1.3 billion people. During that time, we’ve made rubber boots and car tyres. We’ve generated electricity. We’ve even manufactured TVs. Changing with the times, disrupting the status quo – it’s what we’ve always done. And we fully intend to keep doing it.

The story so far

In 1865, mining engineer Fredrik Idestam sets up his first wood pulp mill at the Tammerkoski Rapids in south-western Finland. A few years later he opens a second mill on the banks of the Nokianvirta river, which inspires him to name his company Nokia Ab in 1871.
How apt that Nokia begins by making paper – one of the most influential communications technologies in history.

The galoshes revolution

OK, so it’s not exactly a revolution. But in 1898, Eduard Polón founds Finnish Rubber Works, which later becomes Nokia’s rubber business, making everything from galoshes to tyres.
Nokia rubber boots become a bona fide design classic, still on sale to this day – though we no longer make them.

Electronics go boom

In 1912, Arvid Wickström sets up Finnish Cable Works, the foundation of Nokia’s cable and electronics business.
By the 1960s, Finnish Cable Works – already working closely with Nokia Ab and Finnish Rubber Works – starts branching out into electronics. In 1962, it makes its first electronic device in-house: a pulse analyser for use in nuclear power plants.
In 1963, it starts developing radio telephones for the army and emergency services – Nokia’s first foray into telecommunications. In time, the company’s MikroMikko becomes the best known computer brand in Finland. And by 1987, Nokia is the third largest TV manufacturer in Europe.

Three become one

Having been jointly owned since 1922, Nokia Ab, Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works officially merge in 1967. The new Nokia Corporation has five businesses: rubber, cable, forestry, electronics and power generation. But as the 1980s come into view, it’s an entirely new industry that makes Nokia a household name around the world.

By the late 1970s and early 1980s it seems everything – from Tom Selleck’s moustache to JR Ewing’s list of enemies – is seriously big. And as the mobile communications revolution starts to gather momentum, the early handsets continue the trend.
The new Nokia Corporation is ideally placed to take a pioneering role in this new industry, leading the way with some iconic – and by today’s standards, very large – products.

The mobile era begins

Nokia sets the ball rolling in 1979, creating radio telephone company Mobira Oy as a joint venture with leading Finnish TV maker Salora. 1981 then sees the launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) service, the world’s first international cellular network and the first to allow international roaming.
The NMT standard catches on fast and the mobile phone industry begins to expand rapidly. In 1982, Nokia introduces the first car phone – the Mobira Senator – to the network. That same year, the Nokia DX200, the company’s first digital telephone switch, goes into operation.

Good enough for Gorbachev

In 1984, Nokia launches the Mobira Talkman portable car phone. Resembling a military field telephone, it’s a fairly cumbersome piece of kit – but it’s a start.
Then in 1987, Nokia introduces the Mobira Cityman, the first handheld mobile phone for NMT networks. Despite weighing in at 800 grams and a price tag of 24,000 Finnish Marks (around EUR 4,560), it goes on to become a classic. The Cityman even earns a nickname, the “Gorba”, after Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev is pictured using one to make a call from Helsinki to his communications minister in Moscow.
Over the next decade, millions of consumers worldwide enjoy their very own Gorbachev moment as the mobile revolution takes hold.

In 1987, GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is adopted as the European standard for digital mobile technology. With its high-quality voice calls, international roaming and support for text messages, GSM ignites a global mobile revolution.
As a key player in developing this new technology, Nokia is able to take full advantage.

A new direction

On July 1, 1991, Finnish Prime Minister Harri Holkeri makes the world’s first GSM call, using Nokia equipment. And in 1992, Nokia launches its first digital handheld GSM phone, the Nokia 1011.
That same year, new Nokia President and CEO Jorma Ollila makes a crucial strategic decision: to focus exclusively on manufacturing mobile phones and telecommunications systems. Nokia’s rubber, cable and consumer electronics divisions are gradually sold off.

Name that tune

In 1994, Nokia launches the 2100 series, the first phones to feature the Nokia Tune ringtone. Based on Gran Vals, a classical guitar piece composed by Francisco Tarrega in the 19^th century, it is probably one of the most frequently played pieces of music in the world. The Nokia 2100 series goes on to sell 20 million phones worldwide. Nokia’s target had been 400,000.
1994 also sees the world’s first satellite call, made using a Nokia GSM handset.
Hear Gran Vals, the inspiration for the Nokia Tune.
Listen now

Snake bites

In 1997, everybody knows their Snake high score. An instant classic, the addictive game is launched on the Nokia 6110 and by 2010 its successors are available on an estimated 350 million mobile phones.

On top of the world

By 1998, Nokia is the world leader in mobile phones. The strategic decision to focus on telecommunications, plus early investment in GSM, has paid off. Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia’s turnover increases almost fivefold from EUR 6.5 billion to EUR 31 billion.
And with the new millennium comes a host of new possibilities as the internet goes mobile…
As the new millennium dawns, everything changes. New technology enables the internet to go mobile, opening up a world of possibilities for mobile users. No longer are phones just for phone calls.

Multi-tasking mobiles

In 1999, Nokia launches the Nokia 7110, a phone capable of rudimentary web-based functions, including email. Then in November 2001 Nokia launches its first phone with a built-in camera, the Nokia 7650, and in September 2002 its first video capture phone, the Nokia 3650.
However, it’s when Nokia launches its first 3G phone (third generation), the Nokia 6650, in 2002 that things really take off. With 3G technology, phones can now be used to browse the web, download music, watch TV on the move, and more.
Mobiles will never be the same again.

One billion and counting

In 2005, Nokia sells its billionth phone – a Nokia 1100 – in Nigeria, and global mobile phone subscriptions pass 2 billion. Two years later, Nokia is recognised as the 5^th most valued brand in the world.
Things have come a long way since Fredrik Idestam opened his paper mill.

Treading lightly

For years, Nokia has been working to make its business practices and products as environmentally and socially responsible as possible – from creating eco friendly handsets and establishing phone recycling schemes to bringing the benefits of mobility to emerging markets. This commitment to sustainability is recognised in a number of prestigious rankings. For example, in 2009 and 2010, the Dow Jones Indexes ranks Nokia as the world’s most sustainable technology company.
In contrast, Nokia’s position in the mobile market faces its toughest challenge to date as competition intensifies in the burgeoning smartphone segment. Once again, the company’s ability to adapt is put to the test…
By 2010, having dominated the mobile world for over a decade, Nokia no longer has things all its own way. In the all-important smartphone market, competitors such as the iPhone and Android-based devices now pose a serious challenge. Clearly, it’s time for a rethink…
The good news is this is nothing new for Nokia. Adapting and transforming the business, finding innovative ideas and solutions, rolling up our sleeves and getting on with things: it’s in the company’s DNA.

A fresh face at the helm

In September 2010, Nokia appoints Stephen Elop as President and CEO. Formerly head of Microsoft’s business division, following roles at Juniper Networks and Adobe Systems Inc., Elop has a strong software background and proven record in change management.

A meeting of minds

In February 2011, Nokia announces it is joining forces with Microsoft to strengthen its position in the smartphone market. The strategic partnership sees Nokia smartphones adopting the new Windows Phone 7 operating system, with the Symbian platform gradually being sidelined. The goal is to establish a third ecosystem to rival iOS and Android.
“The industry has shifted from a battle of devices to a war of ecosystems.”
Stephen Elop, President and CEO, Nokia

Let battle commence

Nokia launches its first Nokia with Windows Phones, the Nokia Lumia 800 and the Nokia Lumia 710, in October 2011. Fast-forward to 2013 and Nokia has a full portfolio of great Windows Phone 8 smartphones, from the Lumia 520 through the flagship Lumia 920.

Intel® Core™ i7-860 Processor
(8M Cache, 2.80 GHz)

SPECIFICATIONS

Essentials
Status	Launched
Launch Date	Q3'09
Processor Number	i7-860
# of Cores	4
# of Threads	8
Clock Speed	2.8 GHz
Max Turbo Frequency	3.46 GHz
Intel® Smart Cache	8 MB
DMI	2.5 GT/s
Instruction Set	64-bit
Instruction Set Extensions	SSE4.2
Embedded Options Available	Yes
Lithography	45 nm
Max TDP	95 W
VID Voltage Range	0.6500V-1.4000V
Recommended Customer Price	TRAY: $288.00

Memory Specifications
Max Memory Size (dependent on memory type)	16 GB
Memory Types	DDR3-1066/1333
# of Memory Channels	2
Max Memory Bandwidth	21 GB/s
Physical Address Extensions	36-bit
ECC Memory Supported ^‡	No

Graphics Specifications
Processor Graphics	No

Expansion Options
PCI Express Revision	2.0
PCI Express Configurations ^‡	1x16, 2x8
Max # of PCI Express Lanes	1

Package Specifications
Max CPU Configuration	1
T_CASE	72.7°C
Package Size	37.5mm x 37.5mm
Processing Die Size	296 mm²
# of Processing Die Transistors	774 million
Sockets Supported	LGA1156
Low Halogen Options Available	See MDDS

Advanced Technologies
Intel® Turbo Boost Technology ^‡	Yes
Intel® vPro Technology ^‡	Yes
Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology ^‡	Yes
Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x) ^‡	Yes
Intel® Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O (VT-d) ^‡	Yes
Intel® VT-x with Extended Page Tables (EPT) ^‡	Yes
Intel® Trusted Execution Technology ^‡	Yes
AES New Instructions	No
Intel® 64 ^‡	Yes
Idle States	Yes
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology	Yes
Intel® Demand Based Switching	No
Thermal Monitoring Technologies	No
Execute Disable Bit ^‡